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A longitudinal study by University of Queensland researchers has found high-intensity interval exercise improves brain function in older adults for up to five years.

Emeritus Professor Perry Bartlett and Dr. Daniel Blackmore from UQ’s Queensland Brain Institute led the study in which volunteers did physical exercise and had brain scans. The research was published in Aging and Disease.

Emeritus Professor Perry Bartlett and Dr. Daniel Blackmore have shown high intensity exercise boosts cognition in healthy older adults and the improvement was retained for up to five years.

Emeritus Professor Bartlett said it is the first controlled study of its kind to show exercise can boost cognition in healthy older adults not just delay cognitive decline.

“Six months of high-intensity interval training is enough to flick the switch,” Emeritus Professor Bartlett said.

“In earlier pre-clinical work, we discovered exercise can activate stem cells and increase the production of neurons in the hippocampus, improving cognition.

“In this study, a large cohort of healthy 65–85-year-old volunteers joined a six-month exercise program, did biomarker and cognition testing and had high-resolution brain scans.

“We followed up with them five years after the program and incredibly they still had improved cognition, even if they hadn’t kept up with the exercises.”

Aging is one of the biggest risks for dementia, a condition that affects almost half a million Australians.

“If we can change the trajectory of aging and keep people cognitively healthier for longer with a simple intervention like exercise, we can potentially save our community from the enormous personal, economic and social costs associated with dementia,” Emeritus Professor Bartlett said.

Emeritus Professor Bartlett and Dr. Blackmore worked in collaboration with Honorary Professor Stephan Riek and The School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences at UQ.

During the study, the researchers assessed the impact of three exercise intensities:

• Low—predominantly motor function, balance and stretching
• Medium—brisk walking on a treadmill
• High—four cycles running on a treadmill at near maximum exertion

Dr. Blackmore said only the high-intensity interval exercise led to cognitive improvement that was retained for up to five years.

“On high-resolution MRI scans of that group, we saw structural and connectivity changes in the hippocampus, the area responsible for learning and memory,” Dr. Blackmore said.

“We also found blood biomarkers that changed in correlation to improvements in cognition.

“Biomarkers can be useful in predicting the effectiveness of the exercise a person is doing.”

With one in three people aged 85 years likely to develop dementia, Dr. Blackmore said the impact of the research was far-reaching.

“Our finding can inform exercise guidelines for older people and further research could assess different types of exercise that could be incorporated into aged care,” he said.

“We are now looking at the genetic factors that may regulate a person’s response to exercise to see if we can establish who will and who will not respond to this intervention.

“The use of biomarkers as a diagnostic tool for exercise also needs further research.”